Ict in the Film Industry Essay Example

Ict in the Film Industry Essay ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY Digital innovation in the previous decade has completely changed the film business. Concentrating on the critical methods of film having and the effect that innovation had on every one of the zones, this exploration would see ongoing changes in the pre-creation part of film making, besides we will attempt to know the new instruments, hardware and storerooms being utilized by present day movie producers and makers. Film conveyance and the antagonistic effects that innovation has had on the film business, significantly on the ill-conceived deal and robbery of copyrighted material is investigated. Post-theater film circulation and the progressive advancement advances in the business are investigated to take a gander at the persistent changes in training and exercise of experts in the film business. PC created illustrations and the developing effect ICT has made in the business is secured and the fate of the film business is anticipated. ICT played a great deal of positive job in various part of the present reality. It has contacted the clinical ventures, instructive area, administrative division and even the film or film enterprises. This paper talk on how ICT have emphatically affected the film/film industry today. In the event that we as a whole recollect our young age, we most likely think about the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the film we watch are on the whole tapes or simple, and presumably not strong, with the assistance of ICT today we can see changes in the video innovation in the current world. As upheaval proceeds in the film enterprises the effects of ICT have made the accompanying changes; Technological apparatuses have changed the content composing methodology by utilizing the web, utilizing computerized altering devices. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The web is additionally been utilized by scriptwriters to advance their contents to makers, executives and potential cast relates in other to be checked on by every character either by peer audit in a method of online discussions. There has been a vital increment in the previous decade in the utilization of advanced camcorders for film with low spending arranging alongside superior quality video which is set to contend and go past the standard 35mm film both in quality and adaptability (culkin Randle 2003). The after creation period of film making has conceivably been the most significant affected by the new mechanical tendency. The presentation of non-straight innovation has utilized film altered physically wasteful and tedious. This system includes fixing and assembling movie in a virtual screen where the executives, makers, and editors see the yield of the film on screen. (culkin randle 2003. p. 8) The entire course of film making has been totally innovation driven, everything from the dissemination to the projection of film to crowds (buyers). Nonetheless, the nonattendance of business understandings among wholesalers and exhibitors of the movies has hindered the change to computerized advances. For example, just 170 films far and wide have changed over to what is perceived as top of the line advanced (culkin Randle 2003). Overall revenues for the studios are unmistakably diminishing, presently being out casted or dwarfed by the game business. So satellite conveyance have as of late made its first usage in video form industry and reports has demonstrated that upon full execution of film dissemination, it can spare the film business of cost of $700 million every year. (markman). A significant issue the film business has been looking for as long as years since the presentation of innovation in the business is the theft and copyright issue. Thus copyrighted motion pictures have been effectively reasonable more than the first film created for dissemination. For film and music content, these lead to many claims against shared systems and people as result for taking and appropriation of these motion pictures and music materials. This will consistently be one of the significant ventures gives the business would need to look since people in general (buyers) approaches this ease copyrighted material (peer-2-companion and DVD scholars). By and by, the film business has attempted to diminish the danger of theft of motion pictures by wrinkling the (CSS) known as substance scrambling framework in which just bona fide DVD or VCD items which contain a specific unscrambling calculation can play the specific film. A similar innovation likewise has the capacity to adjust the video and sound on the DVD/CD so just a DVD with a similar decoding calculation can play the film consummately. The CSS innovation is additionally intended to keep clients from direct replicating of information from DVDs. However, not long after the CSS innovation was presented, Norwegian young people figured out a DVD innovation by breaking the code that contain the unscrambling calculation and transferred decoding programming for clients around the globe to utilize. These implies that the film business would need to continue refreshing and furthermore find and alternative to this challenges (markman). The post-theater showcase accounts generally for seventy five percent of movie’s salary during its lifetime. The head of these are ideo rental shops which represents about portion of all benefits (). The DVD has totally carried another measurement to the business, turning into the quickest developing client gadgets thing ever (culkin Randle 2003). DVD’s have irrefutably expanded film studio’s salary when it chose to give film substance to the home customers with unimaginable picture and sound quality which doesn't destroyed like the old VHS tapes (markman). Another and quickly crea ting territory in the circulation procedures of film businesses is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is where customers download their craving film over the web as opposed to going down to their nearby video store or film house. The benefit of this innovation is that basically decrease or no-charges are expected to get to the film and the burden if any when venturing out to the video rental store or film house (culkin Randle 2003). Fast changes in the film business as of late have constrained numerous experts around the globe in sound and realistic enterprises to gain new and specific aptitudes. This is a progressing improvement in many enterprises. A model is that the after creation ventures are relied upon to have persistent overhauls of gear and programming which will prompt nonstop re-preparing of representatives/groups which in turns increment creation costs (culkin Randle 2003). Future circulations may involve permitting editors in various nations to editors in different nations to alter film by simply accessing digitized media on a server without really leaving the solace of their home. Satellite appropriations to films are at the vanguard of future film flows and conveyances. George Lucas, the executive of star wars is anticipating utilizing satellite innovation to extend the remainder of the scene in films. This procedure of carefully dispersion of the film through information projectors is known as E-Cinema ( Randle 2003). It isn't costly and certainly adaptable as far as circulation power; all things considered Cinemas who wish to actualize this new innovation would need to get generous costs when changing over to computerized projection. This innovation is a lot of still in the advancement level and the effect isn't generally observed at this point ( Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article named â€Å"the new face of the film industry† examines the advancement in PC vivified illustrations in past years. Late blockbuster motion pictures like Spiderman 3 are genuine instances of how far PC designs have come as of late. The film business have gone to a phase in which each and every occasion in film causing procedure to can be PC produced . In past years, the innovation representations of countenances have not looked genuine when considered a to be nearer as it is simpler to make non-human articles like dinosaurs genuine, also, upgrades in rendering human body or skin, lighting or obscuring computerized scenes and inspecting human characters or entertainers are presently permitting activity designers to oversee and assume responsibility for each sing development of pixels in an energized group (skin). Huang (2004) reports that a normal spending plan for a blockbuster film cost around $150 million where it is extraordinary to see over half of financing assigned to simply the PC created impact which in turns raise income to about normal of $700 million every year. In any event we can say that there is no region inside the film business that has not been affected by innovation over the previous years. The significant effects for pre-creation stage have been centered around the advancement of content composing devices just as the expansion utilization of web to appropriate content to editors, executives and other significant gatherings inside the business. For the most part gear costs have radically expanded definitely decreased simultaneously quality and adaptability of items has expanded. The repression of non-direct innovation has everything except made hand altered or physically altered motion pictures a wiped out and quick track the entire movie altering process (culkin Randle 2003). The significant drawback which has expanded worries around film ventures far and wide is that it has gotten amazingly simple for buyers around the globe to duplicate copyrighted film material and this continue creating issues in the enterprises till date. At last we can say that the progression in innovation would just keep on acquiring improvement the film enterprises around the worl

Renewable energy Essays - Energy, Physical Universe,

Sustainable power source Sustainable energyis vitality that is gathered fromrenewable assets, which are normally recharged on ahuman timescale, such assunlight,wind,rain,tides,waves, andgeothermal heat.[2]Renewable vitality regularly gives vitality in four significant areas:electricity generation,airandwater warming/cooling,transportation, andrural (off-grid)energy services.[3] Based onREN21's 2016 report, renewables contributed 19.2% to humans'global vitality consumptionand 23.7% to their age of power in 2014 and 2015, individually. This vitality utilization is separated as 8.9% coming fromtraditional biomass, 4.2% as warmth vitality (present day biomass, geothermal and sun oriented warmth), 3.9% hydro power and 2.2% is power from wind, sun based, geothermal, andbiomass. Overall interests in sustainable advancements added up to more than US$286 billion of every 2015, with nations likeChinaand theUnited Statesheavily putting resources into wind, hydro, sun based and biofuels.[4]Globally, there are an expected 7.7 million occupations related with the sustainable power source enterprises, withsolar photovoltaicsbeing the biggest inexhaustible employer.[5]As of 2015 around the world, the greater part of all new power limit introduced was renewable.[6] Sustainable power source assets exist over wide topographical territories, conversely toother vitality sources, which are amassed in a set number of nations. Quick organization of sustainable power source andenergy efficiencyis coming about in significantenergy security,climate change moderation, and monetary benefits.[7]The aftereffects of an ongoing audit of the writing HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy l cite_note-8 [8]concluded that asgreenhouse gas(GHG) producers start to be held subject for harms coming about because of GHG discharges bringing about environmental change, a high incentive for risk alleviation would give ground-breaking motivating forces to arrangement of sustainable power source innovations. In internationalpublic assessment surveysthere is solid help for advancing inexhaustible sources, for example, sun oriented force and wind power.[9]At the national level, at any rate 30 countries around the globe as of now have sustainable power source contributing in excess of 20 percent of vitality gracefully. National sustainable power source markets are anticipated to keep on developing firmly in the coming decade and beyond.[10]Some places and in any event two nations, Iceland and Norway produce all their power utilizing sustainable power source as of now, and numerous different nations have the define an objective to reach100% inexhaustible energyin what's to come. For instance, inDenmarkthe government chose toswitch the all out vitality supply(electricity, portability and warming/cooling) to 100% sustainable power source by 2050.[11] While numerous sustainable power source ventures are huge scope, inexhaustible innovations are likewise fit toruraland remote territories anddeveloping nations, where vitality is frequently essential barbaric development.[12]United Nations' Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moonhas said that sustainable power source can lift the least fortunate countries higher than ever of prosperity.[13]As the vast majority of renewables give power, sustainable power source sending is regularly applied related to furtherelectrification, which has a few advantages: Electricity can be changed over to warm (where important producing higher temperatures than petroleum derivatives), can be changed over into mechanical vitality with high proficiency and is perfect at the purpose of consumption.[14][15]In expansion to that zap with sustainable power source is substantially more proficient and along these lines prompts a critical decrease in essential vitality necessities, on the grounds that most renewables don't h ave a steam cycle with high misfortunes (fossil influence plants normally have misfortunes of 40 to 65%).[16] Sustainable power source frameworks are quickly getting increasingly effective and less expensive. A lot of all out vitality utilization is expanding. Development in utilization of coal and oil could end by 2020 because of expanded take-up of renewables and gaseous petrol There are numerous types of sustainable power source. A large portion of these sustainable power sources depend somehow on daylight. Wind and hydroelectric force are the immediate aftereffect of differential warming of the Earth's surface which prompts air moving about (wind) and precipitation shaping as the air is lifted. Sun powered vitality is the immediate change of daylight utilizing boards or authorities. Biomass vitality is put away daylight contained in plants. Other sustainable power sources that don't rely upon daylight are geothermal vitality, which is a consequence of radioactive rot in the outside joined with the first warmth of accumulating the Earth, and tidal vitality, which is a transformation of gravitational vitality. Solar.This type of vitality depends on the atomic combination power from the center of the Sun. This vitality can be gathered and changed over in a couple of various ways. The range is from sun powered water warming with sun based authorities or upper room cooling with sun powered loft fans for local use to the mind boggling advances of direct transformation of daylight to electrical vitality utilizing mirrors and boilers or photovoltaic cells. Shockingly these are as of now inadequate to completely control our cutting edge society. Wind Power.The development of the

How to Express Anger in Healthy Ways If You Have PTSD

How to Express Anger in Healthy Ways If You Have PTSD PTSD Related Conditions Print Constructive vs. Destructive Anger in People With PTSD Exhibit Anger Without Being Self Destructive By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Aramyan / Getty Images It is common for people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to experience anger.?? In fact, anger is so prevalent in people with PTSD that it is considered one of the disorders  hyperarousal symptoms. Although anger can lead to unhealthy behaviors such as  substance use or impulsive behavior the emotion  in and of itself is not bad. Anger is a valid emotional experience that can provide you with important information about yourself, your environment, and how you relate to others. The Facets and Functions of Anger Certain emotions may feel unpleasant or uncomfortable, but they serve an important purpose. Emotions are essentially our bodys way of communicating with us. They allow us to communicate information to other people, give us information about our environment, prepare us for action, and deepen our experience of life. Anger is an emotion that is often about control.?? When we experience anger, its often our bodys way of telling us that that we feel like things are out of our control  or that we have been violated in some way. Anger can motivate us to try to establish or reestablish control (or at least a sense of control) over a situation. Given this function, it makes sense that anger is believed to be an underlying facet of PTSD and is frequently experienced by people with the disorder.?? Experiencing a traumatic event can make you feel violated and constantly unsafe. You may feel as though you have little control over your life. PTSD symptoms may make you feel like danger is everywhere and that there is no escape. The extreme fluctuations of internal experience that occur in PTSD (for example, constantly shifting between emotional numbing and intense anxiety) can also make you experience your inner life as chaotic and out of control.?? These feelings, in turn, can cause anger. Anger is a valid emotion that can often be constructive, but it also has the potential to be destructive. The Link Between PTSD, Anger, and Irritability Constructive Anger In her book Seeking Safety (a well-known treatment developed for people with  PTSD and substance use) Dr. Lisa Najavits describes constructive anger as anger that can be healing.?? Constructive anger is often not as strong as destructive anger. It is also something that can be explored or examined to help you better understand your situation, other people, and yourself. Further, for anger to be constructive, a person must also be aware of it.?? Constructive anger is something that can be managed. But to do so, you have to recognize your own needs and the needs of others. As an example of constructive anger, lets say that a friend cancels an important lunch date with you at the last minute. By approaching your anger and listening to what it is telling you, you might be motivated to talk to your friend about how you were upset by the last-minute cancellation and come up with ways to make sure that it doesnt happen again. Here, your anger is being used to take control of the situation and maintain your self-respect. Destructive Anger Destructive anger is expressed in an unhealthy way and causes harm.?? For example, a person may act out aggressively towards others. The anger might also be turned inward, resulting in deliberate self-harm or substance use. Destructive anger tends to be frequent and strong. In PTSD, these feelings can be even more intense. Sometimes, a person may be unaware of their anger or, if they are aware, they may try to suppress or avoid it.?? When anger is not attended to, it usually will only get stronger. As the emotion grows, the likelihood that it will be expressed in an unhealthy, potentially harmful way increases. Destructive anger can work in the short-term because it releases tension; however, it is associated with long-term negative consequences. For example, if you were to respond to your friend (from the example above) by yelling at him or cutting off all ties with him, you could lose a friendship and an important source of social support. If you took the anger out on yourself, you wouldnt learn how to adequately cope with the situation, increasing the likelihood that it would occur again in the future. Managing Your Anger Anger can be a difficult emotion to manage, especially if you have PTSD. However, if you listen to your anger and attempt to connect with the information that it is giving you, it will help you learn to better respond to your environment. Understanding why anger is present often makes it feel less chaotic and unpredictable. The 7 Best Online Anger Management Classes There are healthy ways of managing anger and any other intense emotion you might feel overwhelmed by. For example, self-soothing skills or taking a time-out. Finally, seeking out social support can also be an effective way to cope with and manage anger. Other emotion regulation strategies can also help. As previously discussed, the Seeking Safety method includes coping strategies for anger as well as the other symptoms of PTSD. If you have been pushing down your anger for some time, it may initially feel very uncomfortable to approach it. It also may feel very intense or out of control. However, the more you approach your anger, listen to it, and respond to it in a healthy way, the more your tolerance for anger will increase, and the long-term negative consequences of not dealing with anger will decrease. Effective Anger Management Techniques for PTSD

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Essay - 795 Words

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) was created by Congress in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978. The role of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court is to provide judicial oversight of Intelligence Community activities in a classified setting. It is composed of federal judges appointed by the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. The decisions of the court can be reviewed by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (FISCR) and the Supreme Court. After the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Amendments Act of 2008, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court has to rule on important and novel Fourth Amendment issues raised by the government s proposed targeting and minimization procedures (EPIC, 2015). The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court was originally composed of seven district judges appointed by the Chief Justice of the United States to serve for a maximum of seven years. Amendments in the USA Patriot Act increased the number of judges on the Court to eleven, with three required to live within twenty miles of the District of Columbia in 2001. The Chief Justice appoints a Presiding Judge for the court from amongst these eleven judges. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court operates out of a secure location in the federal courthouse in Washington, D.C., but can authorize searches or surveillance anywhere within the United States (EPIC, 2015). The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance CourtShow MoreRelatedThe Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act2036 Words   |  9 PagesDomestic Surveillance Citizens feeling protected in their own nation is a crucial factor for the development and advancement of that nation. The United States’ government has been able to provide this service for a small tax and for the most part it is money well spent. Due to events leading up to the terrifying attacks on September 11, 2001 and following these attacks, the Unites States’ government has begun enacting certain laws and regulations that ensure the safety of its citizens. From theRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 856 Words   |  4 Pageselectronic surveillance remains one of the most effective tools the United States has to protect against foreign powers and groups seeking to inflict harm on the nation, but it does not go without a few possessing a few negative aspects either. Electronic surveillance of foreign intelligence has likely saved the lives of many innocent people through prevention of potential acts of aggression towards the U nited States. There are many pros to the actions authorized under the Foreign Intelligence SurveillanceRead MoreThe Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: Analysis, Pros and Cons1767 Words   |  8 PagesTHE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT: ANALYSIS, PROS AND CONS INTRODUCTION The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is an Act of Congress passed in 1978 and signed by the then President Jimmy Carter. The Act stipulates the procedures to be followed when obtaining intelligence from foreign powers and agents of foreign powers both physically and electronically. The Act has been amended severally. In 2001, it was amended to involve groups and terrorist organizations not supported by foreignRead MoreA Study of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act1503 Words   |  6 Pages FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVILLANCE ACT This act was created in 1978. It proposes methods for gaining judicial permission in order to carry out physical and technological search for a person, who might be a terrorist threat for USA, on behalf of a foreign power. In 1970, a man named Christopher H. Pyle discovered that the US army intelligence had hired 1500 officers whose job was to spy on protest or public demonstration that involved more than 20 people. This shocking news immediately capturedRead MoreWiretapping And The Fourth Amendment Rights Of Criminals1559 Words   |  7 Pageswiretapped conversations now required a warrant, and could not be set up without one. This theoretically stopped surveillance of non-criminals, but in practice, the Nixon administration still abused this power. June 19, 1968- First Law to Restrict Wiretapping Ability of the Government. October 25, 1978- FISA ( Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) passed The FISA act set limits of surveillance after it was exposed that the government wiretapped activists, such as MLK, and after President Nixon’s administrationRead MoreDomestic Surveillance During The United States1474 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Surveillance in the Unites States has been going on for decades without the public s knowledge. Domestic Surveillance didn t seem important in the eye of the American government. After the September attacks (9/11) congress started to treat Domestic Surveillance as a number one priority. After September 11th Congress passed a law to use military force for those responsible for the attacks in New York, NY. The go ahead with using military force did not give the President to use surveillanceRead MoreThe Controversy Over U.S. Domestic Surveillance1391 Words   |  6 Pageswithout a warrant. This proved to be illegal since the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act states that the government is prohibited from eavesdropping inside the United States without first getting a warrant from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA court). In order to counteract the issues he had caused, on October 26, 2001 Bush signed the Patriot Act; a law that would expand the government’s electronic surveillance powers. After signing this law Bush stated, â€Å"The existing lawRead MoreThe Piracy of Privacy901 Words   |  4 Pagesthis can only be told through time. During the Cold War, at the height of the ‘Red Scare’ FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover conducted mass clandestine operations on US citizens. â€Å"Even before he became director of the FBI, Hoover was conducting secret intelligence operations against U.S. citizens he suspected were anarchists, radical leftists or communists.† (NPR) The specifics of these programs were not completely released to Congress or even the Supreme Court for rulings and oversight. Many politiciansRead MoreSharing Is Not Always Caring1406 Words   |  6 PagesCourt case of United States v. United States District Court shows an instance where governing officials, an Attorney General, decided that unwarranted electronic surveillance was necessary to spy on another American citizen that was â€Å"accused† of committing and act of domestic terrorism on a building belonging to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Without actual evidence, the courts felt that the citizen was protected under the Fourth Amendment. Later, during the Nixon administration, the incidentRead MoreThe End Of The Second World War1130 Words   |  5 Pagesdefend themselves from another surprise attack. Therefore, they formed the Armed Forces Agency. This agency was also short-lived, by 1952 the Armed Forces Agency had lost governmental trust because they rejected communications with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and other federal agencies. Longing for a structured security agency that would be able to break the code systems used by opposing forces, President Harry Truman established the National Security Agency on November 2, 1952 (Plethrons

Charles Zavala Credits Communication Skills - 892 Words

As Founder and CEO of Cal-Spectrum Painting, Charles Zavala credits communication skills as a crucial key to gaining success as an entrepreneur. Founded in 2001, Cal-Spectrum has become one of the premier painting companies nationwide, with jobs ranging from Miami, Florida to Portland, Oregon. Fast-forward nearly 14 years and with half a million dollars in revenue, and LA Fitness as one of the company’s biggest clients, it is hard to dispute the success of Charles Zavala. When Charles first started the company he was the only full-time employee, doing all the painting himself. It was not until the company grew larger with more clients that he would eventually start hiring additional workers. At that moment he realized that in order to gain success communication was a skill he would have to master. He understood that, â€Å"Just because you’ve spoken words to a client doesn t mean you’ve communicated†(Van Theon, 2014, para.1). Communication to him, is finding a common ground between his clients and his workers, so the job can be completed to their specifications. Hiring workers comes with added responsibilities and Charles found this out rather quickly. As the owner he had very high expectations for his newly hired workers. With deadlines and a high demand for his work, Charles was starting to feel the pressure. He would yell at workers if they we not doing a job fast enough. Eventually he came to realize yelling was not the answer and that chemistry between workers had a

Love Stories Free Essays

What is the one emotion that has started as many wars as it has ended? What emotion has had more plays, songs, and stories written about it than anything else? Love is that one emotion that makes enemies into friends and friends into enemies. There are so many legends surround this emotion, from the goddess Athena and Helen of Troy to Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. The purpose of this paper is to perceive the great feeling of love though the legends and myths. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Stories or any similar topic only for you Order Now To trace some minute although very meaningful for lovers patterns of love. Unfortunately, many of love myths end tragically, with the exception of a few which have happy endings. For example, the stories of Pyramus and Thisbe, and Orpheus and Eurydice both have unfortunate endings. On the other hand, the story of Eros and Psyche can have either a tragic or a happy ending, depending on the version that is told. Upon closer consideration of the legend about Pyramus and Thisbe we learn that their love was strictly forbidden, however, this two loving hearts were inseparable. They used to talk secretly to each other through a narrow crack in a common wall that their houses shared. They would meet in different strange places just to be together for a while. For example they would meet near a tomb on the outskirts of the city near a mulberry tree or in an open field just to converse freely. Analyzing this legend we may draw a parallel with Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, for the ending is a similar one. They both die occasionally without considering and analysing a critical situation. â€Å"The deep red fruit of the mulberry is the everlasting memorial of these true lovers and one urn holds the ashes of the two whom not even death could part† (Hamilton, Edith, 138). Within this story love takes shape of a passionate but blind and very raw feeling. Here love is a kind of a heavy disease that two young hearts are not able to understand with their mind, thus it turned to be a fatal one. Another legend I would like to focus my attention on is a story about Pygmalion and Galatea. This story is the most romantic and exciting at the same time. The theme of love is leading throughout the story. This love is very unusual and remarkable, for it was addressed not to human being but to statue, that was much more than a person for its creator, it was the more perfect than any living woman. Love is illuminated through every word of the story. Pygmalion caressed it, and gave it presents such as young girls love; this was an expression of his love. We may suppose that this love is somehow an obsession, for at long Pygmalion’s love made his beloved come to life. â€Å"The maiden felt the kisses, blushed and, lifting her timid eyes up to the light, saw the sky and her lover at the same time† (Hamilton, Edith, 142). Looking for a tender and long-lasting love we may turn to the story about Baucis and Philemon whose love survived through the whole their life and at the end bestowed them happiness of being together till last breath. Realized that their lives were at their dawn they embraced each other and Baucis was turned into a linden tree and Philemon into an oak. Two different but beautiful trees intertwined with one another symbolised their true love. In wonder, people came from afar to admire and hang wreathes on the branches in their honour. Also, we may learn about the impatience a loving heart experience. The bright example thereof we see in the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. Orpheus’s love was so strong that made him overcome obstacles and save Eurydice from underground. In spite of God’s prohibition, Orpheus’ impatience to see beloved woman before they step from underground separate them forever. As a result, we come to a conclusion that a heart that loves randomly is rational. Love is always above any reasonable thoughts and logic. Subsequently, we may proceed endlessly the list of love patterns within different myths and legend. The theme of love was always a central one, thus it did not pass over the works of old Greek talents of mankind, such as Ovid for example. His myths and legends will agitate generations after us. Our successors also will cry for a tragic love or cheer at happy ending. Bibliography: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamilton, Edith. Mythology. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1998, 1942.       How to cite Love Stories, Essay examples

The Third Gender Evolutionary explanation for Male Homosexuality Essay Example

The Third Gender Evolutionary explanation for Male Homosexuality Essay Fag, faggot, fairy, fart knocker, felcher, fruit, fuck face, pansy, pantywaist, pillow biter, poof, poove, pouf, queen, queer, shit-stabber and turd burglar: just some of the culture specific slang words still in use today to address homosexuals and male homosexuality. As cited in Buss (1994) Helena Cronin says, We are walking archives of ancestral wisdom and perhaps it is true that ancestral wisdom has little to do with homosexual behavior when looked at it from the perspective of Darwinian sexual selection. Nonetheless, with an ongoing global campaign for homosexual awareness it becomes, in my opinion, an important part of evolutionary psychology to address homosexualitys progression as a probable byproduct of sexual selection. Evolutionary Theorists across the globe struggle with the idea of homosexuality in context to Darwin especially due to irregularities in defining sexual preference. Ideally, all men ought to be heterosexual so that they may procreate and achieve fitness. It is unlikely that sexual sterilization would not only survive but also thrive in circumstances present today. Nonetheless, Homosexuality with all the derogatory terms language has cultivated exists and finds in its category a growing number of men. As Stephen Dawkins (2005) recently said, The problem with verifying evolution is not that there hasnt been enough time but that there has been too much time. When seen from the evolutionary psychologists point of view the possibility of homosexuality as a valuable instrument in developing mating behavior becomes more and more viable in lieu of its contradictory nature. In my paper I hope to argue that male homosexuality is actually an evolutionary tool for efficiency in sexual selection by bringing together various theories by Buss. We will write a custom essay sample on The Third Gender Evolutionary explanation for Male Homosexuality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Third Gender Evolutionary explanation for Male Homosexuality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Third Gender Evolutionary explanation for Male Homosexuality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What Men Want Why They Want it Evolutionarily, men have a vested interest in furthering their chances of producing offspring and thereby propagating their genetic information. For this purpose they have two main mating strategies: 1. Short Term Mating Strategy 2. Long Term Mating Strategy Short Term Mating Strategy involves the male to be active in casual sex relationships with many women. This strategy is used to make sure that his reproductive value would increase at least by an average. The second strategy is an evolved strategy that benefits men who invest time and resources in a woman who would depend on these resources for her better survival. It is with the help of the Long Term Mating Strategy that the man ensures the possibility of reproductive success through a contractual relationship with a woman e.g. marriage. Having said this, Buss insists that male homosexuality is an extension of mans evolutionary heterosexual behavior: both of short and long term mating strategies. The two men require similar characteristics in their mates e.g. youth, good looking and are identical in their mating strategies except for one, that the homosexual man is attracted to men instead of women. Hamer discussed this difference as a possibility for a gay gene in his 1993 study. Although McKnight has pointed out that even though with there being a genetic difference between male homosexuals and heterosexuals, it is still largely an area that needs further research. This indirect evidence of a genetic basis for at least some forms of male homosexuality is supported by three decades of research reporting chemical and anatomical differences between straight and gay men. (McKnight, 1997) On further experimentation, McKnight writes on Hamers theory of the gay gene, At this preliminary stage we have no found support for Hamers suggestion (McKnight Malcolm, 2000) He further states, Our analysis failed to find a distinctive reproductive pattern, which might emerge with a larger sample size, but if repeated would suggest that the genetic mechanism is autosomal. (McKnight Malcolm, 2000) Buss writes that, Many men who prefer women as mates may nonetheless substitute a man as a sex partner, either because of an inability to attract women or because of a temporary situational constraint that preludes access to women (Buss, 1994) This is true in the case of prisons or forcefully held captives but not always true of the large population of gay men in society today. Buss (1994) further continues that, Male homosexuals and male heterosexuals seem to have indistinguishable mating preferences, expect with respect to the sex of their preferred partner. Evolutionary Problem / Solution regarding Homosexuality There are two main evolutionary problems with homosexual behavior that emphasize its extinction. Still, keeping conflicting motives in mind between evolution and homosexuality, the gay male introduces himself as a tool for understanding evolutionary motivations. 1. Procreation With similar mating strategies between male heterosexuals and homosexuals, it becomes increasingly complicated to understand why the homosexual man has survived and continues to do so. The two men (straight gay) share in common certain characteristic requirements of their mates. The straight male can produce children and therefore increase his evolutionary fitness. On the other hand, the gay male cannot reproduce. There are obvious disadvantages of homosexuality that natural selection would eventually select out such as the inability to procreate. Evolutionary advantage works to increase the average growth of the species and the homosexual male cannot be used as a catalyst. Yet, according to the Census of 2001 there has been a rise of gay population across the United States. McKnight (2000) exclaims in his paper that there is a real puzzle here and it goes to the heart of sexuality as no sex equals no children. While sex has more purposes than reproduction, begetting offspring is the ultimate end game a relationship more clearly understood in an age of unreliable contraception. He calls this phenomenon Child Hunger. It would according to evolutionary theorists be baffling to understand homosexuality in face with the fact that it results in no children and therefore is not child hungry yet it not only exists but increases rapidly. Male homosexual orientation is particularly problematic as it is a behavior that is clearly a reproductive liability. (Weinrich, 1978 as cited in McKnight, 2000) 2. Sexual Variability The idea of normalcy in terms of sexual behavior globally has changed drastically over and over again through the course of history. The categorization of men as homosexuals and heterosexuals labels, confines naturally sexual deviations into one or the other group. That many men having homosexual experiences as part of their development was deeply disturbing to the mid twentieth century, does not disguise that similar studies report similar findings at the end of the millennium. Kinsey (Kinsey, Pomeroy and Martin 1948) may have lifted the lid on the realities of human sexual experience but a half-century of further research merely confirms how plastic our sexuality is. (McKnight, 2000) This plasticity of sexual behavior increases the likelihood that homosexual behavior although conflicting with evolutionary psychology indeed is a process of increasing sexual deviations and therefore the possibility of natural selection in sexual experience. Through gay behavior the human male is abl e to explore all possibilities of sexual behavior that would excite and entice him into an evolutionary advantage over men who are not as sexually active. Origins of Homosexuality According to Buss (1994), the origins of homosexuality remain a mystery. Yet, the alarming increase in males who prefer men as their mates seem as if the origins of homosexuality similar to that of heterosexuality is the same. Sexual selection provides for variants in sexuality not unlike natural selection. If you accept that human sexual orientation is diverse and variable and above all plastic, then there is a certain sympathy for Murphys view: It is hard to see that there is any reason to study the origins of behavior that is morally, medically, psychologically (and perhaps even religiously) aproblematic. (Murphy, 1990 as cited in McKnight, 2000) Nonetheless, evolutionary theorists have studied the origins of homosexuality in great detail attempting to find a key difference between straight and gay men. Biological Influences as origin of homosexuality: Alexander (2000) initiated research in finding structural and functional differences between homosexual and heterosexual males. He writes that Burnham in 1977 had noted that females have smaller brains than males and therefore women were less intellectual then men. Although it is true that male brains are somewhat larger than female brains, this is the first example of structural difference that does not evince a measurable behavior difference. (Alexander, 2000) Similarly, the fact that there might be some structural differences between straight and gay men it does not account for the fact that there would be core differences in sexual preferences. Alexander (2000) further noted that the Committee for the Study of Sex Variants in New York City in the 1930s studied a homosexual population using various psychological tests, hormonal measurements and physiological measurements of the genitalia and other body parts including skull circumference. The authors of the study realized that there was no conclusive proof that any individual may be a so called sex variant and or might be more prone to homosexual behavior than the next person. (Henry, 1948 as cited in Alexander, 2000) These inconclusive studies provided for further research that might shed light on biological aspects of homosexuality. The early 1990s was a remarkably productive period of time for research into sexual dimorphism of brain areas. (Alexander, 2000) If there would be any biological connective that was found then it would also be possible to understand the motivations for homosexuality and categorize it in terms of evolutionary advantage, if any, by studying the population. This was not the case. Although there were studies done by researchers such as Allen and Gorski in 1990 and 1991 Taken together, these finding indicate that sexually dimorphic structures can be found in many different areas of the brain. (Alexander, 2000) A foremost breakthrough in these studies was by Swaab and Hofman, 1990 in which distinct differences were noted. The Suprachiasmatic nucleus of vasopressin-containing neurons was double in homosexual men when compared to heterosexual males. (LeVay, 1991) Further studies compared Swaabs findings with that of Allen and Gorski that concluded that the anterior commissure (found to be sexually dimorphic larger in females) also was different according to sexual orientation such that it was larger in homosexual males compared with both heterosexual males and females. Since the homosexual group did not fall between or have identical size to the female group, this outcame gave rise to another working hypothesis of a third sex the gay sex. (Alexander, 2000) Nonetheless Breedloves 1997 study proved that this hypothesis was false. Breedlove concluded that there was no evidence that the outcome mentioned before was not an effect rather than a cause. It is possible that differences in sexual beh avior cause, rather than are cause by, differences in brain structure. (Breedlove, 1997) Since there is no actual biological root that explains homosexuality, it is possible that similar to heterosexuality, it was used as a tool to better achieve fitness. Male homosexuality, in my opinion can be explained in evolutionary terms as follows: 1. Sex used as a tool for reciprocal altruism Women have evolutionarily used sex as a means to get resources and guarantee a mate through promising sex. Homosexuality, similarly, in men can be used to coopt resources and guarantee a long term partner that would invest resources. 2. Adoption of Children Homosexual men are also an added advantage in a social structure that produces excess children with little life expectancy without adequate domestic care. They can provide as means of adoption and surrogate parents an alternative to what may be now considered a family. 3. Reduction of Same Sex Conflict Homosexual behavior might also be responsible for creating coalitions amongst men that would eventually decrease male male aggression and therefore increase evolutionary advantage for the species by an average. These three suppositions go without any data to support them and I would find it interesting to look at studies that would explore homosexuality as an added advantage for evolutionary success.